Military Discharge Characterizations: A Quick Guide
For anyone who has served in the military, understanding the different types of military discharges is essential, especially when it comes to accessing veteran benefits and future employment opportunities. Each type of discharge reflects a service member’s conduct, performance, and circumstances surrounding their separation from service. Here, we’ll break down the different types of military discharges, what they mean, and how they can impact a service member’s future.
Why Military Discharge Status Matters
The discharge type listed on a veteran’s DD-214 (Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty) directly affects eligibility for benefits, employment prospects, and social services. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and many employers review discharge status to determine eligibility for health care, disability compensation, education benefits, and even housing.
Let’s look at the main types of discharges issued by the military.
1. Honorable Discharge
An honorable discharge is the highest type of discharge a service member can receive and is granted to those who meet or exceed the military’s performance and conduct standards. Service members with an honorable discharge have access to the full range of veterans’ benefits, including VA healthcare, the GI Bill, disability compensation, and housing benefits.
Key Points:
- Granted for exceptional performance and adherence to military standards.
- Full access to VA benefits.
- Viewed favorably by civilian employers and educational institutions.
2. General Discharge (Under Honorable Conditions)
A general discharge is issued when a service member’s performance or conduct was satisfactory but didn’t meet all the criteria for an honorable discharge. This type of discharge might be issued for minor disciplinary actions or not meeting fitness standards but doesn’t reflect severe misconduct.
Key Points:
- VA benefits are often available, but some benefits like the GI Bill may be restricted.
- Employers may still view this discharge positively, but it may raise some questions.
- Service members with this discharge can sometimes seek an upgrade.
3. Other Than Honorable (OTH) Discharge
An “Other Than Honorable” (OTH) discharge is the most severe administrative discharge and is typically given for significant issues, such as misconduct, security violations, or issues affecting the unit’s morale and efficiency. This discharge type is less favorable than an honorable or general discharge and may limit access to VA benefits.
Key Points:
- Limited VA benefits, which may vary depending on specific factors and policies.
- Can impact employment, particularly in government roles or sensitive positions.
- May be eligible for a discharge upgrade based on various factors.
4. Bad Conduct Discharge (BCD)
A Bad Conduct Discharge (BCD) is a punitive discharge issued after a court-martial for significant violations or offenses. This discharge carries a stigma that can affect employment, housing, and more. BCDs are generally issued to enlisted personnel and are processed by military courts for serious misconduct.
Key Points:
- Generally results in limited or no VA benefits.
- Has a significant impact on employability and is difficult to upgrade.
- Viewed very negatively, especially by employers in positions of trust or responsibility.
5. Dishonorable Discharge
A dishonorable discharge is the most severe type of discharge and is only issued after a general court-martial for serious offenses, including felonies or other major misconduct. This type of discharge permanently bars access to almost all VA benefits and carries a significant social stigma.
Key Points:
- Results in loss of VA benefits, voting rights in some states, and potential federal benefits.
- Often disqualifies the individual from obtaining certain licenses and jobs.
- Rarely eligible for upgrade, though specific legal cases may allow for exceptions.
6. Entry-Level Separation (ELS)
An Entry-Level Separation (ELS) occurs when a service member is discharged before completing 180 days of service, typically due to inability to adjust or failure to meet basic standards. An ELS is considered neutral and doesn’t usually affect future benefits or employment eligibility.
Key Points:
- Does not qualify as “honorable” or “dishonorable.”
- Limited benefits, but usually no major penalties.
- Often doesn’t carry negative connotations with employers.
Understanding Discharge Upgrades
If a former service member believes their discharge status was unfair, they may apply for a discharge upgrade. This process involves submitting an application to a review board that evaluates the circumstances. Upgrades are challenging but possible, especially if new evidence supports the service member’s case or if conditions like PTSD or TBI contributed to their discharge.
Final Thoughts: Why It’s Important to Know Your Discharge Type
Each type of military discharge impacts a service member’s access to benefits and civilian opportunities in different ways. Whether you’re a current service member planning for future transitions or a veteran considering a discharge upgrade, understanding your discharge type and its implications can help you make informed decisions for your future.
For veterans seeking guidance on their discharge status, consulting with a veterans’ affairs attorney or a service organization can help you explore your options for securing the benefits and support you deserve.